各種研究範式 (research paradigm): 唯物主義 (positivism) 、解釋主義 (interpretivism)、批判理論 (critical theory)、建構主義(constructivism) 和實用主義 (pragmatism)

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As a graduate student in the social sciences, it is important to be aware of the various research paradigms that are commonly used. These include positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, constructivism, and pragmatism (Bryman, 2012).

當社會科學的研究生時,了解常用的各種研究範式非常重要。這些包括唯物主義、解釋主義、批判理論、建構主義和實用主義(Bryman,2012)。
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什麼是最佳輸入 (optimal input)?

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圖片出處: https://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?

Optimal input in language acquisition refers to the type and amount of language exposure that is most beneficial for a learner to acquire a new language. Optimal input typically includes language that is comprehensible to the learner, meaning that the learner is able to understand the general meaning of the language even if they do not understand every word or detail. It also includes language that is slightly more advanced than the learner’s current level of proficiency, as this helps to challenge and stimulate language learning.
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